# Electromagnetic Fields and Waves: Electrostatic field and potential difference

We know how to find the potential difference between two points in the electrostatic field:

${\phi }_{1}–{\phi }_{2}={\int }_{1}^{2}{E}_{l}dl$

Let’s find the reverse dependence. Charge q movement to the distance dl:

$dA=q*{E}_{l}*dl$

and

$dA=–q*d\phi$

Then

${E}_{l}dl=–d\phi$

and

${E}_{l}=–\frac{d\phi }{dl}$

This means that field projection along the dl direction is equal to the potential rate from point 1 to 2 in the electrostatic field. “-” means that electric field E is directed in the same direction with potential φ decreasing. For Cartesian coordinate system

${E}_{x}=–\frac{d\phi }{dx},{E}_{y}=–\frac{d\phi }{dy},{E}_{z}=–\frac{d\phi }{dz}$

And the vector of electric field

$\overline{E}=–\frac{d\phi }{dx}\overline{{e}_{x}}–\frac{d\phi }{dy}\overline{{e}_{y}}–\frac{d\phi }{dz}\overline{{e}_{z}}$

or

Task 5: Determine the electric field

on the axis of uniform charged circle with radius R. Its potential is known

$\phi \left(r\right)$

is a charge of the circle.

Conductors in the electric field

For simplicity, let’s consider the conductor as a metal. This conductor contains an enormous number of free charges, that are normally in the equilibrium state.

1. The electric field in the conductor in the equilibrium is 0. Electric field in the conductor causes electric current, and free charges are ‘directly flowing’ only until the moment when the electric field will become 0.
2. Field potential for all the points in the electric field is the same
$\phi =const$This is a conclusion from the formula

$\overline{E}=–grad\phi$
3. Excessive charge in the conductor is distributed along the conductor surface. Total charge of the conductor is 0,
$\rho =0$ (except the thin surface layer). Figure 14. This statement can be proved from the Gauss theorem. At any point of the conductor

$\overline{E}=0$ so

$\int {E}_{l}dS~q=0$ then q = 0.
4. Electric field lines close to the surface of the conductor are perpendicular to the surface. Conductor surface is an equipotential surface.
5. Electric field of a charged conductor close to its surface is proportional to the surface charge density. To show this statement, let’s take a cylindrical piece of a conductor with charge density σ Figure 14
${\Phi }_{E}=EdS$ Total charge inside the surface

$\Sigma :E*dS=\frac{1}{{\epsilon }_{0}}\sigma dS$ Then

$E=\frac{\sigma }{{\epsilon }_{0}}$

6.  Surface density of a conductor charge depends on the surface curvative. Let’s replace the real conductive body with its model, where minimal curvative is characterised by radius R1, maximum – R2. Then, having the following formulas for the charged system:

${\phi }_{1}=k\frac{{\sigma }_{1}4\pi {R}_{1}^{2}}{{R}_{1}},{\phi }_{2}=k\frac{{\sigma }_{2}4\pi {R}_{2}^{2}}{{R}_{2}}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}{\phi }_{1}={\phi }_{2}$

Then

$\frac{{\sigma }_{1}}{{\sigma }_{2}}=\frac{{R}_{2}}{{R}_{1}}$

and

$\sigma ~\frac{1}{R}$

And according to Gauss theorem

$E~\frac{1}{R}$