This post covers introduction to layout design rules. Layout design rules are introduced in order to create reliable and functional circuits on a small…
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Antenna effect
This post tells about the antenna effect in VLSI and antenna rules in VLSI. During a real manufacturing process some undesirable effects can occur.…
Mode propagation in optical fiber
This post answers the question: "What is mode propagation in optical fiber?". In order to consider concept of light propagation we will use Maxwell…
Single-mode fibers
This post answers the question: "What are features of single mode fiber?". Single-mode fibers are fibers that support only HE11 mode, fundamental mode. Single-mode…
MOSFET small-signal model and equivalent circuit
As we discussed before, the output voltage for the MOSFET amplifier is non-linear towards the input voltage: vout=VS-K(vDS-VTh)22RL. Figure 1 shows the MOSFET amplifier…
Step-index and grade-index fibers
This post answers the question "What is meant by step-index and grade-index fibers?". Geometrical fiber is the simplest type of fiber optics, has cylindric…
Introduction into semiconductor memory
Memory is a very important part of a computer that stores programs and data. It can be classified as non-volatile and volatile. First of…
MOSFET amplifier basics
Besides the resistive function, MOSFETs can also perform an amplification function. Let’s consider how we can obtain the amplification function from a MOSFET. Figure…
Top IoT terms and challenges
This post covers top IoT terms and challenges. IoT usage is growing rapidly. Manufacturers are creating more and more IoT devices. Consumers buy and…
Microprocessor as a part of digital system
Microprocessors are the main part of all digital systems, and solve design problems. Microprocessors combine software and hardware in order to provide a framework…